Cross flow vs. Counter flow Design
| Feature | Cross flow Cooling Tower | Counter flow Cooling Tower |
| Air/Water Direction | Air horizontal, water vertical (90° cross). | Air upward, water downward (opposite directions). |
| Water Distribution | Gravity basins (low pressure). | Pressurized spray nozzles (higher pressure). |
| Air Pressure Drop | Lower (shorter air path). | Higher (air fights upward against falling water). |
| Pumping Head | Lower (no spray pressure needed). | Higher (needs pressure for nozzles). |
| Footprint | Larger (due to side air inlets). | More compact (vertical design). |
| Freeze Resistance | Better (water distribution is above fill, basins can be heated). | Poorer (nozzles prone to freezing). |
| Maintenance Access | Easier (open sides, accessible basins). | More restricted (stacked components). |
| Efficiency | Slightly lower approach temperature possible in some designs. | Generally more thermally efficient (closer approach). |